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31:1 The Israelites fled southeast from the Jezreel Valley (29:1) to higher and hillier ground. With their chariots, the Philistines had the advantage in the more level valley. • Mount Gilboa is southwest of the Sea of Galilee, far from the territory of the Philistines.
31:10 the Ashtoreths: See 7:3. • fastened his body: This practice further degraded the executed person by depriving him of proper burial. It also served as a deterrent to other potential enemies (see also Gen 40:19; Deut 21:21-22; Josh 10:26; Esth 9:6-14). • Beth-shan was a short distance east of Mount Gilboa.
31:11 The people of Jabesh-gilead were returning the favor Saul had done for them when he saved them from the Ammonites and their king Nahash (11:1-13). Jabesh-gilead was about twelve miles southeast of Beth-shan and across the Jordan River.
31:1-13 While David was in the south successfully fighting the Amalekites (ch 30), Saul was in the north unsuccessfully fighting the Philistines.
genesis 40:19
deuteronomy 21:21-22
joshua 10:26
judges 9:1-57
judges 9:54
1 samuel 7:3
1 samuel 11:1-13
1 samuel 14:49