9:1-2 Although Solomon had long-term economic and political ties with Hiram of Tyre (8:17-18; 9:10-11), the queen of Sheba visited just once. Ancient Sheba (roughly modern Yemen) was noted for its important female rulers and for a wealthy economy based on trade in frankincense and myrrh. An ancient tradition suggests that the queen of Sheba came from Cush (Ethiopia), perhaps because of Sheba son of Raamah, a descendant of Cush (Gen 10:7; 1 Chr 1:9).

9:13-14 The phrase translated each year can also refer to one particular year, making it unclear whether 25 tons referred to Solomon’s annual income or only to his most profitable year. Solomon also collected taxes from foreign traders and local merchants. The kings of Arabia were probably merchant princes who used the routes from Edom to Damascus, while the governors of the provinces were district officials.