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32:1 Listen, O heavens. . . . Hear, O earth: Moses appealed to the witnesses of the covenant to note Israel’s confession and commitment as well as its anticipated disobedience and disloyalty (see 30:19).
32:14 rams from Bashan, and goats: This high plateau east of the Sea of Galilee was famous for such livestock (see study note on 1:4; see also Ps 22:12; Ezek 39:18; Amos 4:1).
32:15 Israel: Hebrew Jeshurun. This name, which appears to be derived from a verb meaning “to be upright,” demonstrates the Lord’s strong affection for his people (see 33:5, 26; Isa 44:2). • the Rock: This metaphor describes God’s strength and reliability, especially regarding salvation (see Deut 32:4).
32:16 his jealousy: See study note on 4:24. Just as a husband is properly jealous when another man tries to draw his wife away (Prov 6:34), God was jealous when Israel worshiped other gods.
genesis 10:1-32
genesis 14:19
genesis 18:16-38
exodus 4:22-23
exodus 13:15
exodus 19:8
exodus 32:11-14
numbers 14:21