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12:1 alliance with Assyria: In order to save his land, Hoshea became a vassal of King Shalmaneser of Assyria (2 Kgs 17:3). Hoshea soon rebelled against Shalmaneser by withholding tribute and turned to King So of Egypt for support (2 Kgs 17:4). • east wind: See study note on Job 38:24-27.
12:11 Gilead and Gilgal were Israelite cities in which Baal was worshiped instead of the Lord (see 4:15; 6:8; 9:15).
12:13 by a prophet: Moses’ faithful obedience to God contrasts with Israel’s disobedience.
12:3 Jacob struggled with his brother (literally he supplanted his brother): This verb (Hebrew ‘aqab) forms the root of Jacob’s name. Even before he was born, Jacob acted out the meaning of his name by supplanting his brother Esau (Gen 25:26). • As an adult, Jacob even fought with God (see Gen 32:22-30) and was renamed “Israel,” meaning “God fights.”
genesis 25:26
genesis 28:11-22
genesis 32:22-30
2 kings 17:3
2 kings 17:4
hosea 2:14-15
hosea 4:15
hosea 6:8