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10:13 Paul quotes Joel 2:32, where the Lord in Hebrew is Yahweh, the personal name of God (see Exod 3:15). However, as Rom 10:12 makes clear, the Lord in Romans is Jesus Christ. This verse shows that Christians from the time of the apostles have associated Jesus with God.
10:14 It is natural to presume that the pronoun they refers to “all who call on him” from 10:12 or “everyone” from 10:13. While this verse probably does refer to all people, it also continues the accusation against Israel from 10:2-3 (see 10:18). Paul argues that Israel was in a position to know what God was doing through Jesus Christ, so they were culpable...
10:14 It is natural to presume that the pronoun they refers to “all who call on him” from 10:12 or “everyone” from 10:13. While this verse probably does refer to all people, it also continues the accusation against Israel from 10:2-3 (see 10:18). Paul argues that Israel was in a position to know what God was doing through Jesus Christ, so they were culpable for their failure to understand or accept it. Israel was guilty both of failing to understand God’s plan in light of Christ (10:3-4) and of focusing so much attention on the law that they missed Christ when he arrived (9:30-32).
10:18 Yes, they have: Paul quotes Ps 19:4 to show that the message of Good News was universally available through creation. And by the time Paul wrote Romans, early Christian missionaries had spread the Good News through most of the Roman Empire. Most Jews would have had ample opportunity to hear the message.
10:19 rouse your jealousy . . . provoke your anger: This quotation from Deut 32:21 concerns God’s punishment of Israel for their idolatry. In Paul’s day, Israel remained guilty of idolatry because it put the law in place of God himself. God’s punishment involved using the Gentiles, people who are not even a nation, to make Israel jealous and angry (Rom 11:12...
10:19 rouse your jealousy . . . provoke your anger: This quotation from Deut 32:21 concerns God’s punishment of Israel for their idolatry. In Paul’s day, Israel remained guilty of idolatry because it put the law in place of God himself. God’s punishment involved using the Gentiles, people who are not even a nation, to make Israel jealous and angry (Rom 11:12-32 elaborates on this theme).
exodus 3:15
leviticus 18:5
leviticus 26:3-13
numbers 25:6-13
deuteronomy 28:1-14
deuteronomy 30:12-14
deuteronomy 32:21
psalms 19:4